Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Perfectionism Case Study

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Perfectionism Case Study Free Online Research Papers In this paper, I will attempt to summarize the article written by Sarah J. Egan and Paula Hine of the Curtin University of Technology, Australia. This study focused on the value that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has in treating perfectionism in 4 adults diagnosed with an anxiety disorder or depression. According to the case study, perfectionism can obstruct the treatment of psychological disorders (Shafron Masell, 2001). CBT is used to examine and cure numerous psychological disorders, however, perfectionism has never been immensely explored and few studies of CBT have been of a controlled design nature. The conductors of this case study chose the A-B single case experimental design series to conduct this study. This particular study measures the degree of the behavior targeted for change through repetitive observations across two phases of study: A=baseline and B=treatment. The subjects are also observed before and after the manipulation of the independent variable (Comer, 2008). The independent variable in this study is the therapy. The four participants chosen for the study were selected from a Clinic waitlist. Seventeen of the 45 adults on the waitlist, who received dispersed information about the study, completed the Beck Depression Inventory, which evaluates depressive symptoms and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale which measures perfectionism with the implementation of subscales: Concern over mistakes (CM), Personal Standards (PS), Parental Expectations (PE), Parental Criticism (PC), Doubts about Actions (DA), and Organization (O). An assessment interview was conducted, devising CB maintaining mechanisms and administering the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to establish the DSM-IV diagnosis. From this diagnosis is how the subjects were chosen. The participants as follows: Participant A. A 60 year old married female diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder who was scared of saying anything incorrect and that catastrophic events were more likely to occur if she thought certain thoughts. Participant B. A 59 year old divorced female diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia and bipolar I in remission. Participant C. a 39 year old married male with diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and secondary diagnosis of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Participant D. A 62 year old divorced female diagnosed with major depressive episodes and panic disorder with agoraphobia. Treatment was conducted by a clinical psychologist trainee under the supervision of an experienced clinical psychologist. Treatments were arranged into 1 hour sessions, once per week for 8 weeks and a follow up session after 2 weeks. Sessions were videotaped and 2 were indiscriminately selected for adherence rating by an independent psychologist who determined if the study stayed focused on the topic at hand. Treatments were comprised of cognitive behavioral techniques such as dichotomous thinking (Shafran et al., 2002; Egan, Piek, Dyck, Rees, 2007), rigid, achievement-oriented goals (Burns, 1980, Shafran et al.), hyper vigilant and biased monitoring of performance (Shafran, et al.) and a plan for assessment of self worth (DiBartolo, Frost, Chang, LaSota, Grills, 2004; Shafran et al.). The clinical psychologists also implemented different strategies such as behavioral experiments to test negative cognitions and thought records to challenge selective attention and self criticism. Once all treatments and follow-ups were completed, only two out of four participants had significant clinical reduction scores for total perfectionism. There were no significant reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms. The area CBT for perfectionism needs further study to determine its effectiveness and benefit as treatment for perfectionism, depression and anxiety disorders. This article proved to be a great example of the use of the cognitive model of therapy. The clinical psychologists zoned in on the mind of the participants in an attempt to â€Å"reprogram† their thinking about themselves. One â€Å"flaw† I noticed was the selection of candidates for this study. I didn’t feel the variation was large enough. All participants were of the same age group. Perhaps a person from each of the decadal age groups after 20 years old would have offered better exposure. Another issue I found with the CBT treatment for perfectionism is that it doesn’t affect the depressive and anxiety disorders, thus requiring further treatments for patients. Treatments may have to be broken out in to CBT for Perfectionism and then another session for CBT for Anxiety and Depressive Disorders, possibly causing the patient to become â€Å"bored† and abandon the treatments. An all inclusive treatment will have to be established to avoid this. References Burns, D.D. (1980). Feeling good: The new mood therapy. New York: New American Library. Comer, R.J. (2008). Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology. DiBartolo, P.M., Frost, R.O., Chang, P., LaSota, M., Grills, A.E. (2004). Shedding light on the relationship between personal standards and psychopathology: The case for conditional self-worth. Journal of Rational–Emotive and Cognitive–Behavior Therapy, 22, 241–254. Egan, S.J., Piek, J.P., Dyck, M.J., Rees, C.S. (2007). The role of dichotomous thinking and rigidity in perfectionism. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1813–1822. Shafran, R., Mansell, W. (2001). Perfectionism and psychopathology: A review of research and treatment. 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Impact transportation has on the economy and the environment Research Paper

Impact transportation has on the economy and the environment - Research Paper Example Products produced in a certain locality can be transported to other regions where they are scarce. In these regions, the prices will be a bit higher. This additional income economically empowers the producers. Efficient transport enhances mobility of people and goods. This saves on time and costs. The people can move easily to their employment places and the businessmen can also transport their products to the markets. This enhances economic activities in the country. Transportation companies also offer employment to many people (Rodrigue & Notteboom, 2013). This employment provides income to the people and reduces unemployment in a given country. A low level of unemployment is an indicator of economic growth. Another economic impact is that transportation enables access to a wider market. This enables division of labor and specialization. This is because when a variety of products can be availed to consumers when they are required from any region, then the producers of that particular region do not have to produce all sorts of products but can specialize in some of the products. Specialization leads to better production methods, which eventually lead firms to increase their production. Increased output leads firms to enjoy the economies of scale hence greater profitability. Higher production also leads to a higher demand for transportation services, which leads to greater profitability for those in the transportation business. Transport also enables companies to get access to inputs and skilled labor. Skilled labor enables firms to use the most efficient and cost effective methods in production. This lowers the cost of production and increases profits for businesses (MaÄ iulis, Vasiliauskas & Jakubauskas, 2009). Indirect effects include lowering of product prices, increase of product variety and purchases by companies in the transport sector. Since transport enhances the mobility of people and commodities, goods can be availed to any region from all

Leda and the Swan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leda and the Swan - Essay Example The basic story of the events as per Greek mythology describes the events which led to the conception of Helen and other children, the event mentioned in the story are violent perhaps because beauty is often born from past violence. Leda was married to the king of Sparta i.e. Tyndareus and Zeus took the form of a giant swan to mate with Leda on the same night as she had sex with her husband (Beyst, 2002). Intertextual analysis can show us quite clearly that the artists who covered this particular theme gave their own focus to the images regardless of the media being sculpture, painting or as per Yeats, poetry. Essentially, the poem and other artistic mediums which are based on this motif are presenting a loving couple which is entwined with each other. Sensibilities in art often prevent a complete visual description of a sexual act therefore there are certain aspects which are not shown. For example, Michelangelo’s Leda has her privates covered with the tail feathers of the swan while da Vinci’s Leda seems to be more or less hugging a giant swan rather than engaging in any sexual act (Beyst, 2002). On the other hand, the images presented by Yeats quite clearly describe the sexual act and if a person who is familiar with the background story reads this poem, s/he can clearly know where the point of climax comes within the poem along with the orgasm of the characters. In fact, Yeats words have a certain power which can not be felt in paintings because of a difference in medium. For example, it is rather difficult to empathise with Leda if one simply views the painting but upon reading the poem a person can place themselves in Leda’s position and experience what she felt (Beyst, 2002).

Sisterly Love Essay Example for Free

Sisterly Love Essay In Bernhard Frank’s literary criticism, â€Å"Sophocles’ Antigone†, he presents the reader with elements of questionable motive and incest, not readily seen by most. Frank essentially believes that Antigone’s obvious death wish comes from being the â€Å"ill-fated bride† (line 801) not of Haemon, but rather, of her deceased brother, Polyneices. Frank says that, â€Å"it is as the bride of her slain brother that Antigone may see herself† (Frank, pg1). Frank uses Antigone’s indifference to Haemon and excessive love of her brother as support for his argument. Frank suggests that it would be reasonable to expect Antigone to want to live to become the bride of Haemon. He says it would also be reasonable to expect Antigone to wish for death if she were the intended bride for Polyneices. Frank goes even further with his incest theory in implying that Antigone has incestuous feelings for her sister, Ismene. He mentions that the chorus in the play compares Antigone to her father, â€Å"the violent daughter of a violent father† (line 430) and that Creon says, â€Å"if she triumphs / and goes unpunished, I am no man- she is† (lines 439-440). Franks believes that Oedipus had inappropriate affections for his daughters and that Antigone, like her father allegedly did, has an excessive love for Ismene. Frank points out, that in the end when Ismene offers her support, Antigone turns her down and taunts her as one may do a jilted lover. Frank feels that since Ismene has betrayed her, Antigone is all the more ready to join her brother in d eath. This is a fairly well written article. Frank uses a few specific examples and quotes that make his argument understandable, possibly even believable. However, his is use of terms such as â€Å"may† and â€Å"could†, make the reader question his ownership of this theory. It appears that he is asking the reader to just consider his line of thinking, rather than really persuading the reader to believe as he does. So while Frank’s argument is certainly interesting, and will likely cause a reader to pause and consider his theory, it is not likely to win many over. He only offers a few examples of why he feels as he does, and these examples could easily be interpreted differently. Antigone’s indifference to her betrothed is not necessarily indicative of her incestuous love of her brother, but only of her lack of real love for Haemon. Just because she was supposed to marry him, does not mean that she wanted to. She was ashamed and afraid of the curse put on her family, and wanted to escape that. Marrying her cousin/uncle was certainly not the way to end the family curse. Antigone’s treatment of her sister Ismene, is not that of a jilted lover, as Frank suggests, but just the hurt and anger that her sister did not choose to help her in the first place. She didn’t want to share the glory that the gods would certainly bestow upon her with her undeserving sister. This was an instance of sibling rivalry, and Antigone was acting as a spoiled child, but not a jilted lover. Frank’s argument that Antigone being like her father is evidence that she had incestuous feelings for her siblings is ridiculous. While Oedipus did commit incest with his mother, he did not know she was his mother when he married her. Antigone has known her siblings her entire life, and is very clear that she fears the family curse set in motion by her father, and wants to be out from under it. Antigone may be strong willed like her father, and may even have some masculine characteristics, for that time period (strong women today are not considered masculine), but that does not equal incest. Frank’s theory is certainly interesting, worth considering and definitely basis for discussion. However, there just isn’t enough evidence to back him up, and the evidence he does have is circumstantial at best. Works Cited Frank, Bernhard. â€Å"Sophocles’ Antigone†. Explicator 56.4 (1998): 170. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Sophocles. â€Å"Antigone†. Trans. David Grene. The Norton Introduction to Literature. Eds. Alison Booth and Kelly J. Mays. 10th ed. New York: Norton, 2010. Print. 1493.

George Orwell :: essays research papers

Eng. 12 Essay #3 Revision Save Face Or Do What’s Right? In the essay "Shooting an elephant" George Orwell describes an incident he had while working as an Imperial Police officer in Burma. An elephant had gone out of control and was loose in a town. He was forced to make a decision on whether to follow the will of the local people, or to save the elephant's life. Orwell knew it was wrong to kill the elephant. He had not wanted to from the beginning. He had brought a gun just in case he might need it. When he finally came to the elephant, who was peacefully eating outside of the town it no longer posed a threat. But, a large group of people had formed behind him, and they were now expecting him to kill the elephant, giving them a show and some food. The people who had abused him the entire time he had been in Burma now found him worth some interest. If he didn't kill the elephant, he would be disappointing all of the people. He considered it his job at that point to impress the people. So he killed the elephant for the people, hoping to gain respect from them. In my personal experience, I was once faced with a situation like Orwells. I was put in a situation where I had the choice of saving face or doing what was right, unlike Orwell I chose to do what was right. This passed week it happened, A couple of friends were going to Philadelphia to go to a overnight club. They were going to stay there for three days, which meant I would have missed three days of school and work. My friends were pressuring me to go, fortunately for me I don’t care what people say or think about me. They called me names. They said I was chicken, nothing serious, but it hurts when your own friends call you names. When they were leaving they called me one last time. They kept pressuring me to go. Like In "

Crowd Management

Crowd management Preparing for disasters Whenever large numbers of people come together to watch an event, there is potential for major disasters. No-one ever suspects that day watching a sport event is is a major risk to life and health but history proves otherwise. Sport administrators are required to conduct risk auditing for all types of events, large and small. Any failure to do this can result in an law suits for negligence. One important aspect of risk auditing is to examine all possible risks associated with spectators.Risks associated with spectators can arise as a result of the behaviour of spectators and in particular when spectators begin to take ona crowd mentality. Risk associated with physical arrangements, dimensions and layout of the venue must also be examined. Sport administrators really need to know Murphy's Law (anything that can go wrong, will go wrong). Crowd Control There is a necessity to make a careful estimation of the number of staff * Manage entry and exi ts Control / patrol all areas of the ground / facility * Control an evacuation should it prove to be necessary * Raise the alarm and liaise with emergency services * Having sufficient staff to manage an emergency is a â€Å"Duty of Care† It would be therefore prudent to consult appropriate emergency authorities (police, fire service, etc) in this matter. Training in Crowd Control The organization should provide courses that provide the participant with knowledge of the functions and roles of a crowd controller.Such a course might include: * Roles and responsibilities * Communication and clients * Operational procedures * Managing performance * Managing conflict * Emergency first aid * Crowd control operations * Law and practice * Emergency procedures * Access control * Securing premises and property In addition to this training, event managers and venue managers should provide additional training to familiarize their crowd control staff with specific aspects of the facility o r venue.For example, it will be necessary to know the: * Location of exits, stairs and other aspects of buildings * Position of emergency equipment such as fire hoses * Location of communication devices e. g. alarms, public address systems and telephones It will also be necessary to provide training in the venue's or hosting organisation's policies and procedures for event management and control. These policies and procedures should include conducting drills and tests to ensure staff have the knowledge required.

Gothic ElementsThe Castle of Otranto by Walpole and a...

When a person thinks about gothic today, they might think of a sparkly vampire or a hunky Frankenstein in popularized films. This has led to parodies upon these adaptations of the gothic. This relationship between traditional gothic characters and parodies is not a new subject but a very interesting dynamic. I would like to discuss how one scene from the typical gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole, and a scene from Jane Austen’s parody of the gothic novel in Northanger Abbey contrast in many different ways to illustrate gothic tropes as well as Austen’s perspective view on the subject of the gothic through the use of, diction, setting, character and tone. The diction in each novel is very different for both. In The†¦show more content†¦What Austen is doing with the diction in the novel is illustrating a warm mood for the novel. It is the opposite of the dark and gloomy scene from Walpole. It suggests that Austen’s piece is poking fun at the way gothic novels use words that create a negative environment for readers. By creating a comforting environment for readers, Austen is conveying that the atmosphere of dwellings in England at this time even is normal; it’s not something like what is depicted in The Castle of Otranto. This leads to the setting of these novels. In Walpole, the novel’s setting is described by, â€Å"It could only be, she thought, some domestic belonging to the castle†¦she was near the mouth of the subterraneous cavern† (Walpole 28). Some parts of this novel are taking place in a castle. This is another common gothic trope; the setting being in a castle. The castle is usually old and decrepit. As depicted by the excerpt, the castle usually has secret passageways and trap doors. The character, Isabella, in this scene appears to be in a cave, which is consistent with the trope of the gothic castle because usually in gothic novels, to add more of a haunting feel to the novel , some of the events will take place around the castle in a cave, just like this one. This type of setting leaves readers anxious and portrays a threatening atmosphere which is consistent with traditional gothic conventions. Austen’s setting creates a differentShow MoreRelatedEssay on Gothic Fiction2923 Words   |  12 PagesGothic fiction is erotic at the root according to Punter. From your reading of Frankenstein and Dracula how far would you agree with Punters interpretation. Gothic fiction is erotic at the root according to Punter. From your reading of Frankenstein and Dracula how far would you agree with Punters interpretation. In your essay you should consider: - · The authors portrayal of eroticism and sexuality (in all its forms) through characters. - · Relevant social/cultural concerns